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Delia Ferreira, Chair of Transparency International
READING MATERIAL 2020
1. United Nations Convention against Corruption
The Convention introduces a comprehensive set of standards, measures and rules that all countries can apply in order to strengthen their legal and regulatory regimes to fight corruption. It calls for preventative measures and the criminalization of the most prevalent forms of corruption in both public and private sectors, and requires Members States to return assets obtained through corruption to the country from which they were stolen.
2. The Anti-Corruption Plain Language Guide by Transparency International
The Anti-Corruption Plain Language Guide, developed by Transparency International, offers a set of standardised, easy-to-understand definitions, providing readers with concrete examples in practice of how TI approaches these issues. It aims to provide clarity on the terms that the anti-corruption movement uses most in its daily work as well as those associated with new and emerging issues. Relevant links are also provided for further backrgound information and research.
3. Corruption Perception Index
The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory’s score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale of 0 – 100, where 0 means that a country is perceived as highly corrupt and 100 means it is perceived as very clean. A country’s rank indicates its position relative to the other countries and territories included in the index. This year’s index includes 177 countries and territories.
4. The Global Corruption Barometer
The Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer is the largest cross-country survey collecting the views on and experiences of corruption of the general public. Since its debut in 2003, the Global Corruption Barometer has surveyed the experiences of everyday people confronting corruption around the world. The Barometer explores the general public’s views about corruption levels in their country as well as their government’s efforts to fight corruption.
5. Bribe Payers’ Index
The Bribe Payers Index is a unique tool capturing the supply side of international bribery, specifically focusing on bribes paid by the private sector. It asks senior business executives in a number of countries around the world for their perceptions of the likelihood of companies, from countries they have business dealings with, to engage in bribery when doing business in the executive’s country.
Data for the Index is drawn from the Bribe Payers Survey – a country’s score is an average of the scores given by all the respondents who rated rated the country, resting on a 0-10 scale. A score of 0 corresponds with the perception that companies of that particular country always pay bribes when doing business abroad; a score of 10 indicates a perception that they never pay bribes in their ventures abroad.
6. Various global corruption reports: from education and access to information to private sector and political corruption
The Global Corruption Report (GCR) is one of Transparency International’s flagship publications, bringing the expertise of the anti-corruption movement to bear on a specific corruption issue. The report highlights cutting edge qualitative and quantitative research, gathers knowledge on lessons learned and showcases innovative tools. In doing so, it enhances our understanding of the dynamics of corruption and seeks to provide practical and proven solutions to improve governance and accountability.
7. OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions: The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention establishes legally binding standards to criminalise bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions and provides for a host of related measures that make this effective. It is the first and only international anti-corruption instrument focused on the ‘supply side’ of the bribery transaction. The 34 OECD member countries and six non-member countries – Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia, Russia, and South Africa – have adopted this Convention.
8. UN Global Compact’s ten principles
The UN Global Compact asks companies to embrace, support and enact, within their sphere of influence, a set of core values in the areas of human rights, labour standards, the environment and anti-corruption. Its ten principles in these areas enjoy universal consensus and are derived from major international treaties and agreements.
The 10th Principle states that businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery. Read More
9. Civil Law Convention on Corruption
The Civil Law Convention on Corruption, adopted by the Council of Europe on 4 November 1999, requires Member States to take measures at national level to provide for effective remedies for persons who have suffered damage as a result of acts of corruption, to enable them to defend their rights and interests, including the possibility of obtaining compensation for damage. The Convention contains provisions for international co-operation and monitoring action to ensure the aims above are met.
You are strongly encouraged to read the explanatory report
10. Criminal Law Convention on Corruption
The Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, adopted by the Council of Europe on 27 January 1999, requires Member States to take measures at the national level to criminalize and punish the conduct of bribery, trading in influence, money laundering (of proceeds from corruption offences) and all related account offences. Due to the nature of the Convention, it contains further provisions for international co-operation and compliance to ensure effective enforcement across borders. It is notable that the Convention contains provisions for holding legal persons accountable in certain cases for the criminal offences listed above committed by natural persons occupying leading positions in those legal entities.
International Standards
United Nations (UN)
– United Nations Convention against Corruption
– UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
– UN Convention on Torture
– International Bill of Human Rights
– Bangkok Declaration
– UN Declaration against Corruption and Bribery in International Commercial Transactions
– Action against Corruption
INTERPOL
– Global standards to combat corruption in police forces/services
INTOSAI
– Code of Ethics & Auditing Standards
Transparency International (TI)
– Corruption Perceptions Index
– Bribe Payers Index
– Global Corruption Barometer
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
– OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions
– Recommendation of the Council for Further Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions
–OECD Recommendation on Improving Ethical Conduct in the Public Service (1998)
Council of Europe (CoE)
– Criminal Law Convention on corruption (STE No. 173)
– Civil Law Convention on corruption (STE No. 174)
– Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS No. 191)
– Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime (ETS No. 141)
– Convention on Cybercrime (ETS No. 185)
– Additional Protocol to the Convention on cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems (ETS No. 189)
– Recommendation No. R (2003) 4 on common rules against corruption in the funding of political parties and electoral campaigns
– Recommendation No. R (2000) 10 on codes of conduct for public officials and Model code of conduct for public officials
– Resolution (97) 24 on the twenty Guiding Principles for the fight against corruption
– Council of Europe Recommendation on the Protection of Whistleblowers (2014)
– GRECO Model Code of Conduct for Public Officials
– GRECO Twenty Guiding Principles for the Fight against Corruption
– The European Code of Police Ethics
– Opinion of the Commissioner for Human Rights concerning Independent and Effective Determination of Complaints against the Police
European Union (EU)
– Convention on the Protection of the European Communities’ Financial Interests including the Protocols
– Convention on the Fight against Corruption Involving Officials of the European Communities or Officials of Member States of the European Union
– Council Framework Decision on Combating Corruption in the Private Sector
– Communication on a Comprehensive EU Policy against Corruption
African Union (AU)
– African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption
Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS)
– Economic Community of West African States Protocol on the Fight against Corruption
– Economic Community of West African States Protocol relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security
Organization of American States (OAS)
Keywords
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